1. INTRODUCTION:

Municipal solid waste is usually understood as waste that’s generated from residential and commercial areas, that excludes those from hazardous properties that are generated from industrial premises and construction areas. Environmental Protection Agency (2010) explained materials like construction and demolition debris, municipal waste water treatment sludge and non-hazardous industrial waste aren't classified as Municipal solid waste, although these materials are presumably to be disposed to landfills [1] [2].

The rapid urbanization that has been happening during the 20th century virtually transformed the planet in to communities of cities and towns facing similar challenges on environmental issues during which most of them need to be addressed at international level [3] [4].

The global annual generation of waste was estimated at 1.3 billion tones by the world Bank in 2012, and projected to double to around 2.2 billion tons once a year by 2025. The necessity for efficient solid waste management practices has become more imminent than ever, especially in developing nations which are largely experiencing a population boom in urban areas [5].

Waste was an early problem of mankind, and a growing one that's of major concern to each nation of the planet. It’s a problem mostly witnessed in urban areas as a results of high surge in increase rate and increase in per capita income thus posing a danger to environmental quality and human health. The foremost common problems related to improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, odor nuisance, atmospheric and pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses. Within the previous old years’, solid waste management systems have involved complex and multi- faceted trade-offs among a plethora of technological alternatives, economic instruments, and regulatory frameworks. These changes resulted in various environmental, economic, social, and regulatory impacts in waste management practices which not only complicate regional policy analysis, but also reshape the paradigm of worldwide sustainable development [6] [7].

Solid waste management is one among the event environmental challenges facing city authorities within the word which may be a major concern to each nation of the planet. Waste management issues are coming to the forefront of the worldwide environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and it's a problem mostly witnessed in urban areas[8] [9] [10].

A thorough comprehension of the composition, characteristics, and procedures of waste generation is, therefore, essential for effective solid waste management. Unique consideration need to be paid to the source of waste generation because the attributes and generation of the waste vary as per their sources, like residential, industrial, institutional, construction and agricultural sources. One among the intense issues in solid waste management is to make a decision the quantity and compositions of waste generated within the bounded area. The plan, execution, and administration of the solid waste management process require exact data on the amounts and attributes of the solid waste to be managed [11].

Thousands of plenty of solid waste are generated daily in African countries. In Ethiopia, but half the solid waste produced is collected and 95 percent of that quantity is either indiscriminately thrown away at various dumping sites on the periphery of urban centers or at variety of so-called temporary sites and typically empty lots scattered throughout the town. The indiscriminate and open disposal of waste can cause environmental degradation through introducing different toxicants including heavy metals within the soil and water compartments [12].

Waste generation in Sub-Saharan Africa is approximately 62 million tons per annum. Waste generation per capita is usually low during this region, but oscillates from 0.09 to 3.0kg per person per day, with a mean of roughly 0.65 kg/capital/day. Ethiopia is one among the sub-Saharan countries facing rapid urbanization consequently producing an enormous amount of wastes within the major cities like Addis Ababa, Mekelle and Bahirdar. Most of the generated wastes find yourself in landfills with none value [3] [13].

The focus of this study was Adigrat city where there's rapid economic development, high rate of urbanization and improved living standards. With these developments, the generation of municipal solid waste is consistently increasing. This causes environmental pollution and potentially affects people’s health, preventing the sustained development of Adigrat city and drawing serious public concern. The continuously generated wastes take up the limited natural resource, pollute water and air, and consequently cause serious environmental issues. Without effective handling and recovery, Municipal solid waste may seriously threaten people’s health, improvement of environment and man’s sustainable development. Proper waste management is, therefore, an urgent and important task for the continued development of Adigrat city. One among the waste management strategies being exercised round the world is re-using of waste in several forms with the generation of energy being a crucial and important path for waste utilization for value. However, the characteristics like the heating value of the municipal solid waste differ from region to region, from city to city due to the aforementioned reasons.

Therefore, characterization of the kinds of waste in terms of their potential within the generation of warmth is crucial so as to know the potential of power generation from the precise place. The heating value of waste may be a measure of the energy released when it's burned. It is often estimated by combusting samples during a boiler and measuring the warmth output using lab-scale bomb or ultimate analysis. the foremost common methods currently being practiced to gauge the heating value of municipal solid waste are using the equation derived by Dulong or experimentally using the bomb [14] [15] [16] [17].

This study aims to research the sort and volume of household municipal solid waste and to live its total heat by implementing the subsequent methods. Collection of wastes from the chosen households, segregation of the collected solid wastes and applying the calculation of calorific value of the waste to work out the warmth contents using two methods: bomb at Messobo cement factory and Dulongs formula. Finally Adigrat city will have data bank for household’s solid waste.

1.1. Statement of the problem:

Thus management of waste and generation of power from waste have double advantages; like supporting energy security and reducing landfills. Natural resources are being depleted fast to satisfy energy demands since the human population is consistently growing. Power supply is that the main concern to our country Ethiopia and therefore the source is merely hydropower. When power is interrupted there's no any backup to satisfy the demand or leads us to use generator which is incurs additional cost for fuel. The population is increasing so is that the demand and those we need an alternate energy source. During the interruption of power the people living in Adigrat city are forced to use fire wood, heating oil et al. which features a serious ill health and which aren't renewable source of energy. The rubbish collection system isn't well managed within the city; people dispose the rubbish wherever possible mostly within the drainages or the river banks. This has led to large environmental pollution deteriorating the health of mankind and other living things. Thanks to the shortage of data of disposing the wastages, people trash the rubbish during a way they need. We will see garbage all-round the city including within the roads, play grounds, parks and even in hospitals. People throw the rubbish without realizing that it's affecting their own health and can deteriorate the longer term generation’s living standard. Municipal solid waste also emits greenhouse gases which may contribute to global climate change. Generally unmanaged waste disposal results in a significant health, visual and environmental pollution problems. Adigrat city is additionally one among the cities which has unmanaged wastes and this study aims to gather the quantity of waste daily, weekly, monthly and annually and know the sort , volume and measure the warmth content of MSW and eventually recommend one among the waste to energy technology.

Understanding the energy potential of the waste in Adigrat city is that the base for waste utilization for energy sector. Hence, this research is undertaken to gauge the energy potential of household municipal solid waste at the town.

1.2. Objectives of the study:

The general objective of this study was investigation of the type and volume of household municipal solid waste and measurement of its total heat of Adigrat city.

1.3. Scope and significance of the study:

The result of this study is expected to provide the following advantages:

Knows the generation rate per capita per day and compositions, the calorific value of waste compositions, characteristics of different forms of municipal waste on daily, monthly and annual bases with focus on their use in energy generation and calorific value and the energy potential of solid waste in the city to withstand energy from waste technology

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1. Description of the Study area Adigrat city:

Adigrat is a city and separate woreda in the Tigray Region of Ethiopiaand located in an estimate of 898 km away from Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Adigrat city is located in the eastern Tigray at longitude and latitude 14°16’N of the Equator and 39°27’E of the meridian on the map of the world with an elevation of 2457 meters above sea level. Adigrat is the last important Ethiopian city south of the border with Eritrea, and is considered to be a strategically important gateway to Eritrea and the Red Sea. Adigrat was part of GantaAfeshum woreda before a separate woreda was created for the city [18].

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.‑1: Image of Adigrat city

2.2. Sample size determinations:

The first step during this research study was to work out a sample size, which considers the available resources and therefore the total sample size selected was 70 household. Though it's understood that the amount of households selected are limited considering the entire number of households within the city, the result certainly provides vital information for the broader research community and policy makers who are endeavoring to unravel the critical problem of waste management within the city.

2.3. Household identification:

In this Study 70 households were considered for the collection of samples. These 70 households were selected randomly from the study area which was 7 kebeles of within the city. The chosen households were estimated to represent all classes of income levels; low, middle and high. Those kebeles was selected due to its proper place for the study. They’re located in each parts of the town and also number of activities is taking place here in the study area.

2.4. Research design:

The study adopted a cross sectional design, using mixed methods of knowledge collection. Data were collected at one point in time, which is one among the characteristic features of a cross sectional design. Both primary and secondary data of quantitative and qualitative nature were collected so on adequately address the study objectives. Primary data were gathered from households and key informants including district officials and community leaders. Secondary data were gathered from relevant documents at district councils to enrich the first data.

2.5. Sources of data:

In this study, both primary and secondary data sources were used. For gathering primary data researcher employed questionnaires, interviews, field measurement and field observations. Primary data regarding the solid waste generation rate, percentage composition of household solid waste components, onsite solid waste handling, and currently existing households solid waste management practices of the residents of Adigrat city were determined at the household level from a survey of 70 residential houses. The secondary data are the most resources of data for the study. The secondary sources of data included books, published articles both from internet and journals, various research papers that are published or unpublished and government publications.

2.6. Data collection:

To obtain adequate information for the study, different types of data collection tools were employed. These were questionnaire, attention conference, and field observation. The structured questionnaire was set for the chosen households to possess information about their waste handling, waste to energy conversion process and solid waste disposal practices.

Data collection of wastes from the participating households has been conducted for a 30 days. So as to possess mean results of the entire days of the month, just in case of differences in waste generation between days, each household was given a bag labeled with known codes to point that what sort of waste can they are doing collect. The labeled flyers was two types one indicates for the gathering of solid waste which incorporates paper, cardboard, tissue, plastics, textile products, dry leaves and newspapers and therefore the other indicates for the humid waste like waste food, waste fruits and wet leaves including its house number. The gathering was done by thirteen collectors. Finally components of solid humid wastes were separated, weighed and were recorded by the researcher.

2.7. Sorting of wastes:

In this study manual sorting was performed by four sorters giving some information the way to identify the sort of waste and technical requirements of the sorting process. The collected solid waste sample after sorting process was divided to solid and humid waste categories.

2.8. Proximate analysis:

Proximate analysis consists of moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and glued carbon determined by putting the chosen sample to different ranges of the temperature between 110 ⁰C and 950 ⁰C with a sample of 1g each. The laboratory methods for measuring the proximate analysis of samples during this research were administered supported the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM 2004). This standard determines the condition of laboratory analysis like moisture, volatile and ash content [19].

2.9. Calorific value:

In this study oxygen bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heating valueof wastes found at Messobo cement factory and experimental determination in a bomb calorimeter utilizes a sample of 0.5g. Samples were chopped, well mixed manually and fed into a bomb calorimeter. The samples were then ignited in excess oxygen at 30 bars using an electric arc where the rise in temperature due to combustion of the sample was noted and the calorific values of municipal solid waste was determined.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-2: measurement energy content of samples

2.10. Ultimate analysis:

The carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), sulphur (S)and nitrogen (N) determination in biomass represents theso-called ultimate analysis. These elements were detectedby EA1112 thermo flash gas analyzer except oxygen.Oxygen was determined by difference based on other elementdetermination. About 10mg of sample was burned at 900 ⁰C in an oxygen atmosphere, so the C is converted intoCO₂, H in H₂O, S into SO₂ and the N into N₂. The firstthree compounds were detected quantitatively by an IRdetector, while N₂ is determined by a thermal conductivitydetector.

2.11. Data organization and analysis:

Daily Solid waste generation rate of Adigrat city as well as per capita per day solid waste generation rate at household level per capita per day solid waste generation rate (WGR) was calculated by:

The primary data obtained from sample households through direct measurement (solid waste generated), solid waste composition, proximate analysis, energy content, questionnaire and focus group discussion were analyzed basically using averages, ratios and percentages as a major summarizing tool. Excel program was used for the analyses of data obtained from solid waste measurements and questionnaire. The outputs from the software used for analysis and interpretation of the collected data were presented in the form of tables and figures.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

3.1. Waste generation rate:

Waste generation rates are affected by socioeconomic improvement, degree of industrialization, and climate. Generally, the greater the economic prosperity and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced [20]. A seasonal change in waste quantity, such as holidays, festivals, consumption patterns, and cultural and local traditions, which may influence the nature of waste, has been taken into consideration. This has been reflected during the collection of waste generation in differentweeks as shown in Table 3-1. The solid waste and humid waste generation was varying according the study weeks. This kind of variability may have an impact for the sustainable supply of waste for thewaste to energy generation plant.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-1: Weekly collected solid and humid wastes

Weeks	Solid waste (kg)	Humid (kg)
Week1	300.20	534.00
Week2	250.80	600.30
Week3	235.40	523.00
Week4	262.00	621.00
Total	1048.40	2278.30
Total generation rate (kg/capita/day)	0.26
Solid generation rate( kg/capita/day)	0.08
Humid generation rate (kg/capita/day)	0.18

The waste was collected from 70 households representing different sub cities that have 420 inhabitants with an average of six inhabitants per household. This population generates around 1048.4kg solid waste and 2278.3kg humid waste in four weeks. The total generation of municipal waste from the selected households was found to be 3326.7kg. As a result, the total generation of municipal waste was 0.26kg/capita/day. The total population of Adigrat city is 115,152 and the average energy content of the solid waste was 17MJ/kg. Accordingly, the estimated waste generation per day, per week, per month and per year is summarized in table 3.2. From the selected households around 68% of the municipal waste was humid (organic) waste which can produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion and the remaining 32% was solid waste which can produce energy through combustion process.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-2: Waste Generation rate of Adigrat city

Time		Generation rate (kg)
Days		Solid	Humid	Total generation
Daily	1	9212	20727	29939.5
Weekly	7	64485	145091	209576.6
Monthly	30	276364	621820	898185.6
Annually	365	3362438	7565486	10927924.8

In order to prepare a well-planned waste management and waste to energy system, it is essential to know the quantity of waste generated as well as different categories of the waste. Solid waste generation varies between countries, cities, in the world. The waste generation rates for the Ethiopia’s major cities are estimated to range from 0.157 to 0.33kg per capita per day. Thus, the average waste generation in the Ethiopia's major cities is 0.228kg/capita/day compared to an average of 1.22kg/capita/day for developed countries. This huge difference in waste generation is directly related to the economic development of the countries.

In addition to the major cities of Ethiopia, like Mekelle,Gambela,Addis Ababa and Jimma have a waste generation of 0.33, 0.229, 0.247 and 0.157kilo gram/capita/day respectively. The waste generation of other African countries is: Egypt (Cairo), Nigeria (Ibadan) and Tanzania have a generation of 0.5, 1.1and 1 kilo gram/capita/day respectively [13].

3.2. Segregation and compositions of wastes:

The main purpose of sorting wastes was to understand the types of wastes and their percentage share so that it will easier to take further measures for waste management such as reuse, recycling,recover etc. The highest percentage of generated waste is humid (food and fruit) wastes, which constitutes 68% of the total generated waste and 32% of the total generated waste was solid waste. Other studies also showed that large portion of wastes of developing countries is food wastes such as waste food, waste fruits and wet leaves.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-2: Solid waste composition

3.3. Proximate analysis:

The moisture content is a measure of the amount of waterlost from materials upon drying to a constant weight. It isdirectly affected by physical and chemical properties of thematerial which enable it to absorb the exiting water in theenvironment. Wastes withdifferent moisture contents have different drying characteristics.Those with higher moisture content require a longerdrying time and much more heat energy, causing a lowertemperature in the furnace, and vice versa. If the moisturecontent is too high, the furnace temperature will be too lowfor combustion, such that auxiliary fuel is needed to raise thefurnace temperature and to ensure normal combustion. The desirable range of moisture content for technical viabilityof energy recovery is less than 45%[3][21][22].The complete proximate analysis of six types ofwaste in Adigrat city is shown in table 3-3.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-3: Proximate analysis results of individual municipal solid waste

Type of sample	Ash Content (%)	Volatility (%)	Moisture (%)	Fixed Carbon (%)
Plastic	0.12	94.44	0.24	5.2
Grass	10.55	69.58	5.61	14.26
Card board	6.23	77.81	5.76	10.2
Textile (Rag)	0.49	90.17	0.85	8.49
Dry Leave	16.81	61.19	6.76	15.24
Paper	13.73	75.23	2.99	8.05

3.4. Heating value of municipal solid waste:

The calorific value represents the amount of chemical energy in a given waste components, which depends on its carbon, moisture and hydrogen contents of the waste [19]. If municipal solid waste can be handled with incineration and pyrolysis, heating value serves as an important parameter in deciding for incineration plant. Removing particular materials from municipal solid waste prior to incineration (e.g., through source separation) can affect combustibility. For example, removing other wastes and inorganic recyclable such as glass and metals can reduce moisture and increase average high heating value. In contrast, removing paper and plastics lowers high heating valueand increases moisture content. The net effect depends on exactly what is removed. World Bank guide on incineration of municipal solid waste recommends that a lower heat value low calorific value of 6000 KJ/Kg or 1435 kcal/Kg during all the seasons is required for sustained Combustion for adopting the thermal treatment process [23] [24].

According to this study municipal solid wastefound in Adigrat city has average heating values of 17,000KJ/kg. So from this result, we can conclude that the calorific value of municipal solid waste found in Adigrat city is feasible for waste to energy.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-4: Energy content of samples

S/No	Type of sample	Calorific value(kJ/Kg)
1	Plastic	23192.6
2	Grass	16424.7
3	Card board	16217.4
4	Textile (Rag)	20495.2
5	Dry Leave	13502.7
6	Paper	12173.6
Average		17000.0

3.5. Ultimate analysis:

The oxygen value is calculated by subtracting the other components,including ash and moisture, from 100%. This analysisis used to characterize the chemical composition of the organic fraction of the waste.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-5: Elemental Composition of components

Name	N (%)	C (%)	H (%)	S (%)	O (%)
average Elemental Composition of waste	0.0666	43.162	5.51	0.0075	51.26

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-6 Composition of components with moisture content and dry base

Component	Total solid Wet weight (kg)	Average solid Moisture content (%)	Average Dry weight (kg)	C	H	O	N	S
solid waste	1048.4	6	985.50	425.36	54.27	505.13	0.66	0.07
Total	1048.40	6	985.50	425.36	54.27	505.13	0.66	0.07

The weight of water, hydrogen and oxygen can be calculatedusing Equations 3-1, 3-2 and 3-3 respectively.

Using Equations 3-1, 3-2 and 3-3 the weight of water, hydrogen and oxygen is 62.9, 6.99 and 55.91 kg, respectively.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.‑7: Weight of elements with and without water

Element	Weight without water (kg)	Weight with water (kg)
C	425.36	425.36
H	54.27	61.26
O	505.13	561.05
N	0.66	0.66
S	0.074	0.074

The molar compositions of the elements are also calculated by dividing each component by its respective molar weight as shown in table 3-6. The mole ratio is calculated by dividing the number of moles of each element by the lowest number of moles (Sulphur in this case) and the mole ratio for each element isgiven in table 3-7.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-8: Molar composition of elements

Element	Atomic weight	Weight without water (kg)	Weight with water (kg)
C	12	35.45	35.45
H	1	54.27	61.26
O	16	31.57	35.07
N	14	0.05	0.05
S	32	0.0023	0.0023

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-9: Mole ratio of Elements

Element	Mole ratio without water (kg)	Mole ratio with water (kg)
C	15346	15346
H	23498	26524
O	13668	15181
N	20	20
S	1	1

Therefore, the chemical formula for this particular solid waste sample is C₁₅₃₄₆H₂₃₄₉₈O₁₃₆₆₈N₂₀S without water and C₁₅₃₄₆ H₂₆₅₂₄ O₁₅₁₈₁ N₂₀S with water.

Excluding the chemical formula with water, the energy content of the dry weight can be found using modified Dulong formula.

Where C, H₂, O₂, S, and N are % by weight of each component [25] [26]

But in order to calculate the energy content of the dry weight, it isimportant to know the % by weight of each element as givenin table 3-8

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-10: Weight of elements

Element	Number of moles	Atomic weight	Weight	Weight%
C	15346	12	184157	43.16
H	23498	1	23497	5.51
O	13668	16	218694	51.26
N	20	14	284	0.07
S	1	32	32	0.01
Total			426,666

Using Equation 3-4 the theoretical energy values of the municipal solid Waste are 13,271kJ/kg and experimentally measured values 17,000kJ/kg.

3.7 Power generation:

The power that can be recovered from municipal solid Waste of the householdsin Adirat city can be calculated by the daily gross energydivided by the hours of the day in terms of seconds. With the minimum daily generation of waste in Adigratand average heating value estimated to be around 9212.2 kg, 17,000kJ/kg respectively, the power generation capacity can beestimated as:

Substituting all the known values in Equation 3-5, the estimated power generation with the minimum waste generation in Adigrat city is 1813 kW, approximately 2 MW.

4. CONCLUSIONS:

The study presented the results of the waste characterization exercise on Adigrat city on the premise that reliable data on solid waste composition are very crucial for sustainable energy recovery. The average daily generation of solid waste in the study area was 9212.2kg per day.

The generation rate of waste in Adigrat city was studied as part of this work and it showed that 0.26 kg/capital/day. The wastes collected from selected households were also sorted into their respective categories which are solid and humid wastes. Among these categories, humid (food and fruit) wastes constitute 68% by weight. Next to humid (food and fruit) wastes, a solid waste constitutes 32% by weight in Adigrat city.

The average moisture content of samples was found to be 6%. This result satisfies the desirable range of moisture content for technical viability of energy recovery by incineration.The total wastes that are measured their energy values using bomb calorimeter at Messobo cement factory the average high heating valuewas found to be 17000KJ/kg and this can generate 2 MW of power. Also, the energy content obtained from the elemental composition of waste using Dulong’s formula was 13,271kJ/kg. This result is within the range of values given by the World Bank guideline on incineration of municipal solid waste for the responsible incineration and treatment of special waste.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The author acknowledges the Municipal Officer of Adigrat city, municipal solid waste collector of the city and also Messoba cement factory.

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Received on 22.10.2020 Accepted on 23.11.2020

Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2020;11(4):187-196.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-581X.2020.00029.X